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Ch-6 World after 1945: Question answers: 1. Explain about the United Nations' Charter. Ans. The United Nations' Charter starts with Preamble and it explains the goals of UNITED NATIONS. Below given are the goals : (1) There is a determination to save the future generation from the pages of all destructive war. Here, emphasis has  been laid on responsibilities born out of international laws and mutual understanding. (2) Emphasis has been laid on developing tolerance mutually so that the whole world develops socially. (3) Economic, Social and Cultural problems should be solved with the intervention of United Nations and human rights as well as basic freedom should be disseminated irrespective of caste, language, gender or religion. (4) Lastly, appeal to all the nations for co-operation to achieve these objectives.       Thus, United Nations' Charter concludes that dismissal of war and constant urge for peace is the main objective of United Nations. 2. Write a note on C...

 Transportation is a very important life process for plants. The nutrition in plants is done by the process of photosynthesis. Plants also take other raw materials like nitrogen, magnesium, phosphorus etc. All this raw materials are taken from the soil by the roots. This material has to be transported in all parts of the plants. This is done by xylem and phloem tissues. Also the transportation of water is done by plants through different process. TRANSPORTATION IN HUMANS   NUTRITION IN HUMANS EXCRETION IN HUMANS AND PLANTS RESPIRATION IN HUMANS Usually the small plants do the diffusion process for transportation. But when the plant size increases the diffusion process  cannot fulfil the requirements. Plants also have low energy requirements so the transportation process is slow in plants. In humans the energy requirements are high so the transportation process is fast.  Transportation in plants: 1)Transportation of water:   The transport of water in ...

Human body is very complex. To run this machine properly and continuously we need a transportation system which provide essential substances to all the parts of the body. This is done by the circulatory system.  EXCRETION IN HUMANS RESPIRATION IN HUMANS AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION NUTRITION IN HUMANS What is Circulatory System? Circulatory system is consists of veins, arteries, blood and heart. Its function is to transport important substances like food, water and oxygen and also to transport waste material to the excretory organs. It also transport hormones from different glands to all parts of the body. It circulates deoxygenated blood from all the parts with the help of vein to the heart. After that the oxygenated blood is carried by arteries to all parts of the body. This cycle goes on continuously. Blood: Blood is a connective tissue which consists of RBC(Red blood cells) ,WBC(White blood cells) ,platelets and plasma. Blood is transported from one part to another by bloo...

What is excretion? Every organism produces some wastes which are harmful for body, the process of removing these wastes is called excretion.  NUTRITION IN HUMANS AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION RESPIRATION IN HUMANS Excretion is an important process in maintaining the life. Different organisms uses different strategies for excretion. In Humans there is a specialised function for excretion. Let us see that. Excretion in Humans: Human excretory system includes a pair of kidneys, a pair of ureters, a urinary bladder and a urethra. Kidneys produces urine that urine goes to ureters then in urinary bladder where it is stored to release through the urethra.  KIDNEYS:  Kidneys are a pair of bean shaped structures which are located in abdomen. Kidneys have small functional units called nephron. Each kidney have a multiple number of these nephron. These nephron produces urine and take it to ureters.  URETERS:  Ureters are thin tubes which comes out of kidney...

Physical Properties of Metals: 1) Metals are good conductor of heat and electricity. 2) Metals are ductile. (It means that they can be converted into thin wires) 3) They are malleable. (It means that they can be converted into thin sheets) 4) They are lustrous(shiny). 5) They are sonorous(make sound). 6) Metals have high density.  7) All metals are in the form of solid, except mercury.  8) Metals are very hard, except sodium(Na) and Potassium(K).The hardest metal is Titanium.  9) The melting and boiling point of metals is very high, except gallium. TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ACIDS AND BASES Physical Properties of Non-metals: 1) Non-metals are bad conductor of heat and electricity, except graphite.  2) Non-metals are non-ductile. (It means that they cannot be converted into thin wires) 3) They are non-malleable. (It means that they cannot be converted into thin sheets) 4) They are non-lustrous(not shiny), except diamond and iodine.  5) The...

First we need to know about acids and bases.  What are Acids? Acids are sour in taste. They change the colour of blue litmus to red. Acids releases H+ ions in water.  What are Bases? Bases are bitter in taste. They change the colour of red litmus to blue. Bases releases OH- ions in water. Chemical Properties of Acids and Bases: HOW DO ACIDS REACT WITH METALS? When an acid reacts with metal, it displaces hydrogen, which leads to formation  of hydrogen gas and forms a compound of a salt. Acid + Metal → Salt + Hydrogen gas Example:  Magnesium + Hydrochloric acid → Magnesium chloride + hydrogen gas    Mg + HCL → MgCl₂ + H₂ HOW DO BASES REACT WITH METALS? When base reacts with metal, to produce hydrogen gas and salt.  Base+ Metal → Salt + Hydrogen gas Example:  Sodium Hydroxide + Zinc → Sodium Zincate + hydrogen gas    2NaOH + Zn → Na₂ZnO₂ + H₂ HOW DO ACIDS REACT WITH METAL CARBONATE / METAL HYDROGENCARBONATE  When acid reacts with metal...

What is Chemical Reaction? The process in which different atoms breaks and makes bonds between them to produce new substances is called Chemical reaction.  Now, chemical reactions are generally written in chemical equation.   So, What is Chemical Equation? Chemical equation is the representation of a chemical reaction in which reactants are written on the left-hand side and products are written on the right-hand side with an arrow mark(→) between them. Now, What types of Reactions are there? There are generally nine types of reactions. They are as follows: (1)Combination Reaction (2)Decomposition Reaction, in it there are three types:(1)Thermal Decomposition  (2)Electrolytic Decomposition  (3)Photochemical Decomposition  (3)Displacement Reaction  (4)Double Displacement Reaction  (5)Oxidation Reaction  (6)Reduction Reaction  (7)Redox Reaction  (8)Exothermic Reaction  (9)Endothermic Reaction  1. COMBINATION REACTION:  A reac...